Rick F Guyon - Materials Science - Richard F Guyon

The interdisciplinary field of materials science, also commonly known as materials science and engineering, involves the discovery and design of new materials, with an emphasis on solids. The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand ancient, phenomenological observations in metallurgy and mineralogy.^[1][2] Materials science still incorporates elements of physics, chemistry, and engineering. As such, the field was long thought of^{[by whom?]} as a sub-field of these related fields. In recent years,^[when?] materials science has become more widely recognized as a specific and distinct field of science and engineering. Many of the most pressing scientific problems humans currently face are due to the limitations of the materials that are available and, as a result, breakthroughs in materials science are likely to have a significant impact on the future of technology.

Rick F Guyon - Materials Science - RIchard F Guyon

Rick F Guyon - Mormon Fundamentalism - Richard F Guyon

One way Mormon fundamentalism distinguishes itself from mainstream Mormonism is through the practice of plural marriage. Fundamentalists initially broke from the LDS Church after that doctrine was discontinued around the beginning of the 20th century. Mormon fundamentalism teaches that plural marriage is a requirement forexaltation (the highest degree of salvation), which will allow them to live as gods and goddesses in the afterlife. Mainstream Mormons, by contrast, believe that a singleCelestial marriage is necessary for exaltation.

In distinction with the LDS Church, Mormon fundamentalists also often believe in a number of other doctrines taught and practiced by Brigham Young in the 19th century, which the LDS Church has either abandoned, repudiated, or put in abeyance. These include:

• the law of consecration also known as the United Order (put in abeyance by the LDS Church in the 19th century);
• the Adam–God teachings taught by Brigham Young and other early leaders of the LDS Church (repudiated by the LDS Church in the mid-20th century);
• the principle of blood atonement (repudiated by the LDS Church in the mid-20th century); and
• the exclusion of black men from the priesthood (abandoned by the LDS Church in 1978).

Mormon fundamentalists believe that these principles were wrongly abandoned or changed by the LDS Church, in large part due to the desire of its leadership and members to assimilate into mainstream American society and avoid the persecutions and conflict that had characterized the church throughout its early years. Others believe that it was a necessity at some point for "a restoration of all things" to be a truly restored Church.

Rick F Guyon - Mormon Fundamentalism - Richard F Guyon

Rick F Guyon - Differential Equations - Application: Mixing - Richard F Guyon

A typical mixing problem involves a liquid-filled tank. The liquid may initially be pure or contain some solute. Liquid (either pure or a solution) enters the tank at a known rate. A drain may be present to remove thoroughly mixed liquid. The concentration of the solution the amount of solute at some given time is generally unknown.

Rick F Guyon - Differential Equations - Convolution Integral - Richard F Guyon

Rick F Guyon - A complex Laplace transform, F(s), will often be recognized as the product of two other transforms, F1(s) and F2(s), whose corresponding functions fi(f) and f2(t) are known. Unfortunately, Laplace transforms cannot be computed with ordinary multiplication. However, it is possible to extract f(t) from the convolution, as calculated from either of the convolution integrals.

Rick F Guyon - Convolution Integral - Richard F Guyon 

Rick F Guyon - Analysis of Accident Data - Richard F Guyon

Rick F Guyon - Accident data are compiled and evaluated to identify hazardous features and locations, set priorities for safety improvements, support economic analysis, and identify patterns, causes and possible countermeasures.

Accidents are classified into three severity categories,  depending on whether there is (a) property damage only referred to as PDO accidents, (b) personal injury, or (c) fatalities. The severity ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of injury and fatal accidents divided by the total number of all accidents (including PDO accidents).

It is common to prioritize intersections according to the accident rate, R. The accident rate may be determined for PDO, personal injury, and fatal accidents or the total thereof. The accident ratio is the ration of the number of accidents per year to the average daily traffic, ADT. The rate is reported as RMEV.

Rick F Guyon - Vehicle Exposure - Richard F Guyon

Routes between points are prioritized according to the accident rate per miles, calculated as the ratio of the number of accidents per year to the ADT per mile of length, counting traffic from all directions in the intersection. For convinces, the rate may be calculated per 100 million vehicle miles.

Rick F Guyon - Speed Degredation on Uphill Grades - Richard F Guyon

Rick F Guyon - Most modern passenger cars traveling on highways are capable of negotiation uphill grades of 4 to 5% without speed decreases blow their initial level-highway sppeds. (Older cars with high mass-to-power ratios and some smaller-sized "economy" vehicles may experience speed decreases.)

Heavy trucks experience greater speed degradation than passenger cars. The primary variables affecting actual speed decreases are the grade steepness, the grade length,  and the truck's mass-to-power ration. Mass to power ratios are commonly stated in pounds per horsepower and kilograms per kilowatt.

Rick F Guyon - Braking and Deceleration Rate - Richard F Guyon

Rick F Guyon - Continuing on this series on Vehicle Dynamics is Braking and Deceleration Rate.

The maximum deceleration that can be developed in dry weather by a vehicle with tires and brakes in good condition is about 25 ft/sec. (Acceleration and deceleration are sometimes specified in miles per hour per second, or kilometers per hour per second. Multiply mphps by 1.467 to obtain ft/sec and multiply kphps by 0.278 to obtain m/s2. However decelerations of 14 ft/sec are experienced by occupants as uncomfortable and alarming. 11 ft/sec is the appropriate upper limit of desirable decelerations,  and approximately 9ft/sec is the maximum comfortable deceleration from high-speed travel.

Rick F Guyon - Coefficient of Friction - Richard F Guyon

Rick F Guyon  - In most cases, a vehicle's braking system is able to provide more braking force than can be transmitted to the pavement. Therefore, the maximum deceleration is limited by the coefficient of friction between the tires and pavement.

The coefficient of friction, f, between a vehicle and the supporting roadway is the frictional force divided by the normal force. The normal force is essentially the total weight of the vehicle, w , on all but the most extreme grades. The coefficient of friction is dependent on the condition of the vehicle's tires, the type and condition of the pavement, and the weather conditions. 

There are two coefficients of friction: static and dynamic(kinetic). The coefficients of friction may also be referred to as coefficients of road adhesion. The coefficients of static friction is larger than the coefficient of dynamic friction. While a vehicle's tires are rotating, the relative velocity between a point of contact on the tire and roadway are zero and the coefficient of static friction controls. 

Once a vehicle enters a skid, however the coefficient of dynamic friction controls. Therefore a vehicle is held to its maximum braking deceleration without entering a skid will take less distance to come to a complete stop than if the vehicle locks up its tires and skids to a stop. 

The coefficient of friction is not constant throughout the braking manuever, but varies inversely with speed. This level of sophistication is not normally considered, and an average value that is representative of the speed and conditions are used.

Rick F Guyon - Refresher: Systems of Units - Dimensional Analysis - Richard F Guyon

Dimensional Analysis

Dimensional analysis is a means of obtaining as equation that describes some phenomenon without understanding the mechanism of the phenomenon. The most serious limitation is the need to know beforehand which variables influence the phenomenon. Once these are known or assumed, dimensional analysis can be applied by a routine procedure.

The first step is to select a system of primary dimensions. The dimensional formulas and symbols for variables most frequently encountered are given .

The second step is to write a functional relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable.

Rick F Guyon - Dimensional Analysis - Richard F Guyon